P1-QUR-01 Major themes of the Qur'an Paper 1, Question 1 · compulsory
Sura 2.255 — Ayat al-Kursi: the living, self-subsisting God
Ayat al-Kursi is the single most widely recited verse of the Qur'an outside the daily prayers. It is also the clearest and most concentrated statement in the whole Qur'an of what Allah is like in Himself — which is exactly why it heads the first of the three prescribed groups.
Syllabus connection
- P1.T1.b1 The major theme or themes of the Qur'an that appear in each passage
- P1.T1.b2 The importance of these themes in the lives of Muslims today
- P1.T1.b3 Study the passages in a recognised English translation, with reference to the original Arabic text
- P1.T1.b4 Demonstrate knowledge of the original Arabic as well as the translation
- A1.1 Passage 1: Sura 2.255 Allah in himself
Learn the material
Learning objectives
Key vocabulary
- tawhid تَوْحِيد
- The absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah: that He has no partner, no equal and no offspring. The central doctrine of Islam.
- al-Hayy ٱلْحَىّ
- The Living. A name of Allah meaning that His life is eternal, without beginning or end, and unlike created life.
- al-Qayyum ٱلْقَيُّوم
- The Self-Subsisting or Self-Sustaining. A name of Allah meaning that He depends on nothing, while all creation depends on Him for its continued existence.
- shafa‘a شَفَاعَة
- Intercession — pleading on someone's behalf. Ayat al-Kursi states that no one intercedes with Allah except by His permission.
- kursi كُرْسِىّ
- Usually translated 'Throne' or 'Footstool'. In Sura 2.255 it is an image of Allah's sovereignty extending over the heavens and the earth. Muslims affirm the word without claiming to know its exact nature.
- aya آيَة
- A verse of the Qur'an. The word also means 'a sign'. Plural: ayat.
Before you start
Three questions before you begin. If you are new to the course, answer what you can.
- What does tawhid mean, and why is it the foundation of Islamic belief?
- Which of the three prescribed groups does a passage about Allah's own nature belong to?
- In the examination, how many Qur'an passages are printed in Question 1, and how many do you answer on?
Check your answers
- The absolute oneness and uniqueness of Allah — that He has no partner, no equal and no offspring. Everything else in Islamic belief follows from it.
- "Allah in Himself" — the first of the three groups, which contains passages 1 to 5.
- Three are printed; you answer on any two. Both are marked together for a single mark out of 4 in part (a) and 4 in part (b).
The lesson
The passage
ٱللَّهُ لَآ إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلْحَىُّ ٱلْقَيُّومُ ۚ لَا تَأْخُذُهُۥ سِنَةٌۭ وَلَا نَوْمٌۭ ۚ لَّهُۥ مَا فِى ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَمَا فِى ٱلْأَرْضِ ۗ مَن ذَا ٱلَّذِى يَشْفَعُ عِندَهُۥٓ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِۦ ۚ يَعْلَمُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِيهِمْ وَمَا خَلْفَهُمْ ۖ وَلَا يُحِيطُونَ بِشَىْءٍۢ مِّنْ عِلْمِهِۦٓ إِلَّا بِمَا شَآءَ ۚ وَسِعَ كُرْسِيُّهُ ٱلسَّمَـٰوَٰتِ وَٱلْأَرْضَ ۖ وَلَا يَـُٔودُهُۥ حِفْظُهُمَا ۚ وَهُوَ ٱلْعَلِىُّ ٱلْعَظِيمُ
Allah. There is no god but He, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal. No slumber can seize Him nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits? He knows what is before or after or behind them. Nor shall they compass any of His knowledge except as He wills. His Throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them for He is the Most High, the Supreme.
Sura 2.255 · translation: Yusuf Ali (1934)
Where it sits
This is verse 255 of Sura al-Baqara, the longest sura of the Qur'an, revealed in Madina. It is known as Ayat al-Kursi, "the Verse of the Throne", from the image near its end. It is a single verse, and it moves through a sequence of statements about Allah with no narrative and no reference to any person or event. That is unusual, and it is the point: the passage is about Allah alone.
Working through it
"Allah. There is no god but He." The verse opens with the divine name and then immediately with the negation-and-affirmation that forms the first half of the shahada. Nothing is conceded to any other object of worship; the claim is not that Allah is the greatest god but that there is no other.
"The living, the self-subsisting, eternal." Two names, and they belong together. Al-Hayy, the Living, means life that has no beginning and no end — not life given, as human life is, but life in itself. Al-Qayyum, the Self-Subsisting, means He depends on nothing while everything depends on Him for its continued existence. A student who learns these two words and what they mean has the core of the passage.
"No slumber can seize Him nor sleep." Notice the order: slumber first, then sleep. Even the lightest drowsiness is denied, not only deep sleep. Every living thing we know needs rest; the verse is drawing a line between created life and divine life. It is also a quiet answer to the idea, found in other traditions, of a god who rests.
"His are all things in the heavens and on earth." Ownership, not merely authority. Nothing exists outside His possession, which means nothing can be appealed to as an alternative power.
"Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits?" This is a rhetorical question, and it is doing careful work. It does not deny that intercession (shafa‘a) happens — Islamic belief holds that it does, on the Day of Judgement. It denies that anyone can intercede independently. No saint, angel or prophet has a claim on Allah. This matters because the Makkan idols were defended precisely as intercessors.
"He knows what is before or after or behind them. Nor shall they compass any of His knowledge except as He wills." Two halves. First, His knowledge is complete — past, future, and what is hidden from us. Second, ours is not: we know only what He allows us to know. Human knowledge is real, but it is granted rather than owned.
"His Throne extends over the heavens and the earth." The word is kursi. Muslims affirm the word without claiming to know its exact nature; what the image conveys is sovereignty on a scale that contains everything that exists.
"And He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them." Sustaining the entire universe costs Him nothing. This returns us to al-Qayyum at the start — the verse closes the circle it opened.
"For He is the Most High, the Supreme." Two closing names, al-‘Ali and al-‘Azim, that sum up everything the verse has said.
The shape of the whole verse
It is worth seeing the structure, because it helps you remember it: the verse begins with who Allah is, moves to what He owns, then to what He knows, then to the extent of His rule, and ends by naming Him. Statement of being, then sovereignty, then knowledge, then majesty. If you can recall that sequence you can rebuild the themes under examination pressure.
Context and chronology
Sura al-Baqara is a Madinan sura, revealed after the Hijra of 622 CE, when the Muslim community was establishing itself in Madina alongside other religious communities.
A note on caution
Many popular accounts attach detailed stories to this verse. The precise occasion of its revelation is not established with certainty, and accounts differ. You do not need any such story to answer well on this passage — and adding one costs you time you need for themes. Where this course states a date or an event, it is because the evidence supports it; where accounts differ, it says so.
People, places and events
This passage names no people and describes no events — which is itself worth noticing, and is one reason it is grouped under "Allah in Himself". The names that matter here are the names of Allah that the verse uses:
| Name | Arabic | Meaning | Where in the verse |
|---|---|---|---|
| al-Hayy | ٱلْحَىّ | The Living | "the living" |
| al-Qayyum | ٱلْقَيُّوم | The Self-Subsisting | "the self-subsisting, eternal" |
| al-‘Ali | ٱلْعَلِىّ | The Most High | "He is the Most High" |
| al-‘Azim | ٱلْعَظِيم | The Supreme, the Magnificent | "the Supreme" |
Qur'an and Hadith evidence
Quotation is what most often separates a Level 3 answer from a Level 4 one. You do not need long quotations — a few words, accurately placed, is enough. Learn these three.
لَا تَأْخُذُهُۥ سِنَةٌۭ وَلَا نَوْمٌۭ
No slumber can seize Him nor sleep.
The most useful short quotation in the passage. It evidences al-Hayy and al-Qayyum together, and it is short enough to recall exactly.
مَن ذَا ٱلَّذِى يَشْفَعُ عِندَهُۥٓ إِلَّا بِإِذْنِهِۦ
Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits?
Use this whenever you write about tawhid, intercession, or why the Makkans' defence of their idols failed.
Two passages that support the same themes and are worth quoting alongside it:
قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only.
The shortest statement of tawhid in the Qur'an. Pairs naturally with Ayat al-Kursi: 112 states the oneness, 2.255 unfolds what it means.
لَّا تُدْرِكُهُ ٱلْأَبْصَـٰرُ وَهُوَ يُدْرِكُ ٱلْأَبْصَـٰرَ
No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision.
The same asymmetry as "nor shall they compass any of His knowledge": He comprehends us; we do not comprehend Him.
Significance
The syllabus asks for the major themes of each passage. Here they are, in the labelled form an examiner is looking for. Each has a name, and each is shown from the passage itself.
| Theme | How the passage shows it |
|---|---|
| Tawhid | Stated at once and without qualification: "There is no god but He." Not the greatest god — the only one. |
| Eternal life | "The living, the self-subsisting, eternal" — al-Hayy and al-Qayyum. His life is uncaused; ours is given. |
| Freedom from need | "No slumber can seize Him nor sleep." Every created thing tires. He does not. |
| Sovereignty | "His are all things in the heavens and on earth", and no one intercedes except by His permission. Ownership and authority together. |
| Omniscience | "He knows what is before or after or behind them", while we grasp nothing of His knowledge except as He wills. |
| Effortless power | His Throne extends over the heavens and the earth, and "He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them." |
You do not need all six. Three, each properly shown from the passage, will do more for you than six listed without evidence.
Significance in practice
Why this matters
A Muslim's whole practice rests on a picture of who Allah is. If He never sleeps, then prayer at any hour reaches someone attentive. If He knows what is before and behind, then an injustice no one else witnessed is still witnessed. If no one intercedes without His permission, then no shrine, saint or intermediary can be relied on in His place — which is why this verse is so often cited against practices that drift towards that.
Ayat al-Kursi is recited after the obligatory prayers, at bedtime, and when seeking protection. That practice is not incidental to the meaning: what protects is the remembrance of a God who neither sleeps nor tires.
Connections with other topics
- Sura 112 (passage 5) — states tawhid in four short verses. 2.255 unfolds what that oneness implies. Examiners like to see a candidate hold two passages together.
- Sura 6.101–103 (passage 2) — "No vision can grasp Him." Same asymmetry between His comprehension and ours.
- Sura 42.4–5 (passage 4) — sovereignty over the heavens and the earth, expressed through the angels' praise.
- Belief in Allah (P2-FAI-01) — the first Article of Faith draws directly on the divine names in this verse.
- The Prophet's ﷺ preaching in Makka (P1-SIR-08) — the opposition he faced was precisely to the claim this verse makes.
- Salat (P2-PIL-06) — the verse is recited after the obligatory prayers, connecting belief directly to daily practice.
Common misconceptions
Students often think that "kursi" means Allah literally sits on a throne.
In fact Muslims affirm the word without claiming to know its nature. The image conveys sovereignty over everything that exists. Islamic belief holds that Allah is not a body and is not contained by space, so a literal chair is not what is meant.
Students often think the verse denies intercession altogether.
In fact It denies <em>independent</em> intercession. Islamic belief accepts that intercession happens on the Day of Judgement, but only by Allah's permission. Getting this distinction right is what separates a precise answer from a rough one.
Students often think they should retell the verse in their own words to show they understand it.
In fact This is the single most common way to lose marks here. Paraphrase earns roughly half the available marks. Name the themes instead, and show each one from the passage.
Students often think that mentioning the sura's name, number and virtues shows extra knowledge.
In fact It earns nothing on this question and uses time you need for themes. The question asks about themes; answer that question.
Students often think that al-Hayy and al-Qayyum mean roughly the same thing.
In fact They are distinct and complementary. Al-Hayy is about the nature of His life; al-Qayyum is about everything else depending on Him. Explaining both accurately is a mark of a strong answer.
What the examiner wants
AO1: what you must know
What you need to be able to recall accurately and use:
- The passage is Sura 2.255, from Sura al-Baqara, a Madinan sura; it is known as Ayat al-Kursi.
- It belongs to the first prescribed group, "Allah in Himself".
- Six themes: tawhid, eternal life, freedom from need, sovereignty, omniscience, effortless power.
- Four divine names used in it: al-Hayy, al-Qayyum, al-‘Ali, al-‘Azim.
- Two short quotations you can produce exactly: "No slumber can seize Him nor sleep" and "Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits?"
- That intercession is not denied but made conditional on His permission.
The labelled-themes answer
The most common way to lose marks on Question 1(a) is to paraphrase the passage. Name each theme, then show it from the passage's own wording. Aim for at least three themes, each elaborated briefly.
- Name the theme
- A short label: Tawhid, Sovereignty, Mercy, Accountability.
- Show it
- Which words or image in the passage carry that theme.
- Quote briefly
- A few words of the passage, not a retelling of it.
- Repeat
- Three to five themes in total, each in a sentence or two.
Stay inside the question
Question 1 asks for themes and their importance. It does not ask for the history of the passage, the virtues of reciting it, or a retelling of what it says. Time spent on those is time taken from the marks.
Things students often add that earn nothing here:
- The name, number or meaning of the sura's title.
- How many verses Sura al-Baqara has.
- Stories about the rewards of reciting the verse.
- A sentence-by-sentence paraphrase of the translation.
- The occasion of revelation, which in any case is not established with certainty.
AO2: what you must understand
AO2 has two levels, not four. The whole distinction is discussion versus description. An answer that is factually excellent but simply describes cannot reach the top band. What is wanted is your own reasoned view, with the mechanism spelled out: which aspect of the passage produces what effect on a Muslim, and why.
Take the theme of Allah never sleeping. Here is how the thinking deepens:
It reassures Muslims that Allah is always there for them.
Because He never sleeps, prayer has no closing hours. A Muslim praying Fajr before dawn, or making du‘a in the middle of the night after a bereavement, is not catching Allah at an inconvenient moment. The practice of night prayer only makes sense if this is true.
It reshapes how a Muslim thinks about being unwitnessed. Wrongs done in private, and good done where no one notices, are both seen. That changes behaviour when no one is watching — which is a harder and more interesting claim than "it is comforting".
You do not need all three. One well-reasoned point, properly explained, is worth more than three assertions.
And the theme of intercession:
It shows Muslims should worship Allah alone.
It gives a Muslim a test to apply to their own practice. If a devotional habit starts to treat a person or place as a route to Allah that works independently of Him, this verse is the correction.
It removes the anxiety of needing a contact. In systems where you must know the right intermediary, the poor and unconnected are at a disadvantage. Here access is direct and equal, which has real social consequences.
You do not need all three. One well-reasoned point, properly explained, is worth more than three assertions.
The move that earns the marks
"This helps Muslims in difficult times" is worth very little on its own. Say which aspect, how it works, and what changes as a result. Three sentences doing that will outscore a paragraph of general praise.
Worked examination example
Here is a 4-mark theme answer with the thinking shown. Notice how short it is — the examination gives you roughly a third of a page, and Question 1(a) covers both of your chosen passages within a single 4-mark total.
The answer
"The main theme of this passage is Allah in Himself. It teaches tawhid: it opens 'there is no god but He', denying any partner. It shows His eternal life, calling Him the living and the self-subsisting, so that He depends on nothing while everything depends on Him. It teaches His freedom from need, since 'no slumber can seize Him nor sleep', unlike created things. It shows His sovereignty, as all things in the heavens and earth are His and none may intercede without His permission. Finally it teaches His omniscience: He knows what is before and behind, while we grasp nothing of His knowledge except as He wills."
Why this would reach Level 4
- It names the group ("Allah in Himself") in the first sentence, orienting the examiner.
- It gives five labelled themes, comfortably above the three the examiners look for.
- Every theme is shown from the passage, several with short accurate quotations. It never retells.
- It is dense. Roughly 130 words, no padding, no introduction, no sura history.
- It uses the correct term, tawhid, accurately.
What a weaker version does
"This passage tells us about Allah. It says that Allah is the only god and that there is no other god apart from Him. It says He does not sleep or feel tired. It says everything in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him and nobody can speak to Him for someone else unless He allows it. It says His throne is very big."
Everything there is true, and it would still sit around the middle of the mark range — because it is a paraphrase. It walks through the verse restating it rather than naming what the verse is about. Compare the two: the difference is not knowledge, it is the presence of theme labels.
Practise
Guided practice
Build a theme answer one step at a time. Reveal each hint only if you need it.
-
Write a theme label for the phrase "the living, the self-subsisting, eternal".
Hint
One word about the nature of His life. Think about what makes it unlike ours.
A good answer
Eternal life — or self-sufficiency. Either works if you then explain it.
-
Now write one sentence that names that theme and shows it from the passage.
A good answer
"It teaches His eternal life, calling Him al-Hayy and al-Qayyum, the living and the self-subsisting, so that He depends on nothing while all creation depends on Him."
-
Do the same for "Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits?"
Hint
Careful — the theme is not "no intercession". What is being controlled here?
A good answer
"It shows His sovereignty: intercession is not denied, but no one may intercede independently — only by His permission."
-
Put three such sentences together, opening by naming the group. Aim for 100–140 words in total.
Before you write, answer these
- Which three themes will you use?
- What words from the passage will you use to show each one?
The examination gives roughly a third of a page for a 4-mark answer. Aim for a short, dense paragraph — no introduction needed. Your work saves automatically in this browser.
Independent practice
- Write out the six themes from memory, each with the words from the passage that show it. Then check against the table above and mark what you missed.
- Learn "No slumber can seize Him nor sleep" and "Who is there can intercede in His presence except as He permits?" until you can write both accurately without looking.
- Write three sentences explaining how belief in Allah's omniscience changes how a Muslim behaves when no one is watching. Name the mechanism in each.
- Compare this passage with Sura 112. Write one paragraph on what each adds that the other does not.
- Read the "weaker version" in the worked example above and rewrite it as a Level 4 answer without adding any new knowledge — only by adding theme labels and cutting the retelling.
The examination gives roughly a third of a page for a 4-mark answer. Aim for a short, dense paragraph — no introduction needed. Your work saves automatically in this browser.
Check your understanding
Answer each question, then check it. Every option is explained — including the ones that are wrong — so read the feedback even when you were right.
Write a full answer
Exam-style practice question
In the examination, three passages are printed and you answer on any two. Here, Sura 2.255 is set alongside two others so you practise the real choice.
The three passages set for this practice question
- Sura 2.255 — Ayat al-Kursi (this lesson)
- Sura 112 — al-Ikhlas
- Sura 99 — al-Zalzala
Two of these are from the "Allah in Himself" group and one is from "Allah's relationship with the created world". Before you choose, ask yourself which two you can develop equally well — not which one you like most.
Exam-style practice question
Important: Question 1 is marked as a whole
Question 1 is marked as a whole. Both of your chosen passages are read together and given ONE mark out of 4 for part (a), and ONE mark out of 4 for part (b). This means balance matters: an excellent answer on one passage and a thin answer on the other is limited by the overall impression. Choose two passages you can develop equally well.
(a) Choose any two of the passages above. Briefly describe the main theme(s) in each passage. [4] AO1
(b) Briefly explain the importance of these themes in a Muslim's life today. [4] AO2
Written by this course to match the style and demand of the examination. It is not a Cambridge question.
Plan your answer
Before you write, answer these
- Which two passages have you chosen, and can you give three themes for each?
- For each theme, which words from the passage will you use?
- For part (b), which single aspect will you take, and what effect does it have?
- Have you left yourself equal space for both passages?
Out of scope here: The names and numbers of the suras, their virtues, their occasions of revelation, and any retelling of the translation.
The examination gives roughly a third of a page for a 4-mark answer. Aim for a short, dense paragraph — no introduction needed. Your work saves automatically in this browser.
Indicative answer
Show an indicative answer Write yours first — you will learn more
Part (a) — Sura 2.255 and Sura 112
Sura 2.255. The main theme is Allah in Himself. It teaches tawhid, opening "there is no god but He". It shows His eternal life and self-sufficiency, calling Him the living and the self-subsisting. It teaches His freedom from need, since "no slumber can seize Him nor sleep". It shows His sovereignty, as everything in the heavens and earth is His and none may intercede except by His permission. It teaches His omniscience: He knows what is before and behind, while we grasp nothing of His knowledge except as He wills.
Sura 112. The main theme is also Allah in Himself, stated at its most concentrated. It teaches His absolute oneness — "He is Allah, the One and Only". It teaches His self-sufficiency, that He is the eternal and absolute on whom all depend. It denies offspring and parentage, "He begets not, nor is He begotten", answering directly the claim that God has a son. And it denies any equal: "there is none like unto Him."
Part (b) — importance in a Muslim's life today
In my view the most important thing these passages give a Muslim is a God who can be relied on directly. Because Allah never sleeps, prayer has no closing hours — a Muslim praying before dawn, or after a loss in the middle of the night, is not catching Him at a bad moment, and the whole practice of night prayer depends on that being true. Because no one intercedes without His permission, a Muslim does not need a contact or an intermediary; access is equal whether you are wealthy and connected or not. That has real social consequences, not just spiritual ones.
Sura 112 matters in a different way. It is short enough that a child learns it first, so the first thing a Muslim commits to memory is the plainest statement of what Allah is not. It also gives Muslims a clear and courteous way of explaining their belief to Christian and other neighbours, which is why it is so often quoted in interfaith conversation. And His omniscience changes behaviour when no one is watching, which I think is a harder and more useful effect than simple reassurance.
Other answers are equally valid
- Marks are awarded for what is correct. Nothing is deducted for errors or omissions.
- Credit is given for valid answers that go beyond the syllabus and the mark scheme.
- It is entirely possible to reach the highest level using different information or a different argument from the one shown here.
- Answers are judged against the levels of response, not against a checklist of required points.
Marking guidance reference
Important: Question 1 is marked as a whole
Question 1 is marked as a whole. Both of your chosen passages are read together and given ONE mark out of 4 for part (a), and ONE mark out of 4 for part (b). This means balance matters: an excellent answer on one passage and a thin answer on the other is limited by the overall impression. Choose two passages you can develop equally well.
| Level | Marks | What the examiner is looking for |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | 4 |
|
| 3 | 3 |
|
| 2 | 2 |
|
| 1 | 1 |
|
| 0 | 0 |
|
What moves an answer up: The clearest difference between Level 3 and Level 4 is comprehensiveness, development, and quotation. Level 3 "may quote"; Level 4 is "likely to quote".
| Level | Marks | What the examiner is looking for |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3–4 |
|
| 1 | 1–2 |
|
| 0 | 0 |
|
What moves an answer up: The whole AO2 distinction is discussion versus description. A factually excellent but purely descriptive paragraph cannot reach Level 2.
Note that AO2 has two levels, not four. Some older textbooks and revision guides still show a four-level scale for part (b); that scale is out of date.
Self-assessment checklist reference
Judge your answer as a whole against the levels above, not by counting points. An answer can reach the top band using different material from the indicative answer.
Consolidate
Lesson summary
Sura 2.255 in one panel
- Group: Allah in Himself (prescribed passage 1).
- Where: Sura al-Baqara, a Madinan sura. Known as Ayat al-Kursi.
- Six themes: tawhid · eternal life · freedom from need · sovereignty · omniscience · effortless power.
- Four names: al-Hayy · al-Qayyum · al-‘Ali · al-‘Azim.
- Quote: "No slumber can seize Him nor sleep."
- Key precision: intercession is not denied — it is made conditional on His permission.
- Biggest risk: paraphrasing instead of naming themes.
- Pairs with: Sura 112 and Sura 6.101–103.
Retrieval flashcards
Further revision task reference
- Memorise. Learn the Arabic of "No slumber can seize Him nor sleep" and be able to write the English of the whole passage from memory.
- Build your evidence bank. Add the two quotations from this lesson to your own evidence card for "Allah in Himself". You will reuse them in Paper 2 Question 4 on the Articles of Faith.
- Timed write. Give yourself six minutes and write a 4-mark theme answer on this passage without notes. Six minutes is roughly what you will have for both passages in the examination, so this is deliberately generous — tighten it next time.
- Look ahead. Read P1-QUR-05 on Sura 112 next, then compare the two. They are the natural pair.
- Technique. Work through EXAM-SKL-05 on choosing your two passages and why Question 1 is marked as a whole.
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Why this would reach the top band